Do’s and Don’t in PLC
The common Do’s and Dont's of PLC wiring discussed below.
1) First of all you need a wiring diagram form the manufacturer.
2) Every PLC may have a different wiring diagram.
For example, for Allen-Bradley Micrologix 1000, 1100, 1200, 1400 all have different diagrams; not to mention the different models for each type.
3) So, be careful about power wiring as well as I/O wiring.
4) Find out if the PLC is powered by an AC voltage or DC voltage first.
5) If it is powered by 120-VAC, wire black wire to L1 terminal and white wire to L2 terminal.
If it is powered by 230 VAC, then follow your wiring code for your country.
6) Make sure the ground terminal (GND) is wired to chassis ground (PE).
And, make sure the chassis ground is connected to a real ground rod located in the plant or factory.
Use at least 16-gauge wire to accomplish that task.
7) Now comes the I/O wiring. Review the manufacturer’s literature for actual wiring.
It will show you the wiring diagrams. If in doubt ask your manufacturers’ application engineer.
8) Read the specifications for sourcing and sinking inputs and outputs.
9) Generally, the inputs cards (or points) are sinking (PNP) type.
In that case, the “common “ terminal to inputs is wired to Hot or live supply.
If the inputs are DC inputs, the 24-volt positive wire is wired to the common terminal.
If the inputs are AC inputs, the Hot or live wire from 120-volt (or 230-volt) AC is wired to the common terminal.
10) Then the wires from the discrete inputs such as switches and pushbuttons are wired to the actual input terminals marked or labeled as I0, I1, or I:0/0, etc.
11) Similarly you need to read the specifications for outputs.
12) The outputs could be sinking or sourcing.
If the outputs are sourcing, the ”hot” wire (24-volt DC or 120-volt “high” wire) needs to be wired to the common terminal on the output card.
13) Wire one side of each output device to the output terminal and wire another side to a separate “common” terminal and run a wire from that common terminal to the low side of the power supply (Zero volt DC or “low side” of the 120-volt power).
14) Sometimes the outputs are grouped for convenience. They will have many commons.
If your output device ratings have the same voltage ratings, then you need to jumper all commons together. Otherwise, the rest of the outputs will not work.
15) Each input card and each output card will need to be wired according to the manufacturer’s specifications.
16) Do provide fuses for devices such as solenoids or devices that can cause shorts in them to protect the output cards.
(Some customers require you to fuse all outputs.)
17) Large relays and solenoids produce inductive BACK EMF when we switch them off, and that can damage the output points.
Hence, Do provide surge suppressor for devices such as solenoids, large relays on AC output points.
Do provide diode across solenoids and relays on DC output points.
18) Keep AC and DC wires far apart to reduce the noise coupling between power and inputs.
Use twisted pair, shielded cables for analog inputs.
(Read the directions that come with the input/output cards).
19) Avoid using 230 volt devices for inputs.
Use transformers to step them down to 120-volt level.
I prefer 24 volt inputs and 24 volt outputs.
20) Make sure your wiring is neat and clear to troubleshoot.
Each wire must be labeled or marked permanently using the printed wrap-around labels or printed shrink-wrap sleeves.
Avoid hand written labels.
2) Every PLC may have a different wiring diagram.
For example, for Allen-Bradley Micrologix 1000, 1100, 1200, 1400 all have different diagrams; not to mention the different models for each type.
3) So, be careful about power wiring as well as I/O wiring.
4) Find out if the PLC is powered by an AC voltage or DC voltage first.
5) If it is powered by 120-VAC, wire black wire to L1 terminal and white wire to L2 terminal.
If it is powered by 230 VAC, then follow your wiring code for your country.
6) Make sure the ground terminal (GND) is wired to chassis ground (PE).
And, make sure the chassis ground is connected to a real ground rod located in the plant or factory.
Use at least 16-gauge wire to accomplish that task.
7) Now comes the I/O wiring. Review the manufacturer’s literature for actual wiring.
It will show you the wiring diagrams. If in doubt ask your manufacturers’ application engineer.
8) Read the specifications for sourcing and sinking inputs and outputs.
9) Generally, the inputs cards (or points) are sinking (PNP) type.
In that case, the “common “ terminal to inputs is wired to Hot or live supply.
If the inputs are DC inputs, the 24-volt positive wire is wired to the common terminal.
If the inputs are AC inputs, the Hot or live wire from 120-volt (or 230-volt) AC is wired to the common terminal.
10) Then the wires from the discrete inputs such as switches and pushbuttons are wired to the actual input terminals marked or labeled as I0, I1, or I:0/0, etc.
11) Similarly you need to read the specifications for outputs.
12) The outputs could be sinking or sourcing.
If the outputs are sourcing, the ”hot” wire (24-volt DC or 120-volt “high” wire) needs to be wired to the common terminal on the output card.
13) Wire one side of each output device to the output terminal and wire another side to a separate “common” terminal and run a wire from that common terminal to the low side of the power supply (Zero volt DC or “low side” of the 120-volt power).
14) Sometimes the outputs are grouped for convenience. They will have many commons.
If your output device ratings have the same voltage ratings, then you need to jumper all commons together. Otherwise, the rest of the outputs will not work.
15) Each input card and each output card will need to be wired according to the manufacturer’s specifications.
16) Do provide fuses for devices such as solenoids or devices that can cause shorts in them to protect the output cards.
(Some customers require you to fuse all outputs.)
17) Large relays and solenoids produce inductive BACK EMF when we switch them off, and that can damage the output points.
Hence, Do provide surge suppressor for devices such as solenoids, large relays on AC output points.
Do provide diode across solenoids and relays on DC output points.
18) Keep AC and DC wires far apart to reduce the noise coupling between power and inputs.
Use twisted pair, shielded cables for analog inputs.
(Read the directions that come with the input/output cards).
19) Avoid using 230 volt devices for inputs.
Use transformers to step them down to 120-volt level.
I prefer 24 volt inputs and 24 volt outputs.
20) Make sure your wiring is neat and clear to troubleshoot.
Each wire must be labeled or marked permanently using the printed wrap-around labels or printed shrink-wrap sleeves.
Avoid hand written labels.
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